Engineering Project Preparation

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Literature Review

The history of metro

The first establishment of metro began in 1863. The establishment of metro in London is the symbol of the beginning of the use of metro. Before 1950, there were only a few cities in the world which had metro. The two world wars exerted great influences on the construction of the metro. In the middle of the 20th century, the world began to accelerate the construction of metro, and the number of metro started to increase during 1863 to 1900, of which only 7 cities had the metro, mainly distributing in Europe and America. While in the first 50 years of 20th century, there are only 13 cities that had constructed metro, but the key construction areas had started to change (Chuandoni, 2015). In the latter of the 20 century, there was an increasing of the cities that began to construct the metro. The number of metro increases by 30 from 1951 to 1975, while the number increased by 62 from 1976 to 2000. After 2000, nine more cities stared to build metro in three years. Europe has been the important area of metro construction, which to a great certain degree thanks to the economic development and public transportation policy of the Europe. With the independence and economic development of many third world countries after 1950s, the Hotspot of metro construction began to transfer to Asia, South America and other economic prosperous areas (Bowen, 2009).

Network development degree of metro in different areas

The network construction of different areas also differs from each other. The network connection degree of the metro of Europe and North America is better than that of Asia and South America, but the network broadening potential of South America is better than that of Europe and North America (Lu, 2013). Most metros of the Europe and North America have developed into loop network construction, while the metros of Asia and South America are still at the transitory stage of from tree-net construction to loop network construction. The loop index of America is the most optimized, of which is up to 7.765, while that of the South America is relatively poor, of which is only 0.571, but with great developing potential. From the network development degree, the metro network of the Europe is the most optimized, while that of Asia is full of potential (Schindle, 1984). In addition, the difference between the metro constructions of different cities of Asia is the most distinguishing, and there shows great imbalance between the networks broadening potential of different cities in Europe.

The development and strengthening of metro

To develop and strengthen the metro industry, it is very important to construct the metro industry, explore the metro, strengthen the metro engineering management and thereby promote the metro economic development.

In order to construct the metro industry and develop the metro economic, the correct industry policy is the key to achieving this. First of all, with regard to the development policy, four policies should be adopted based on the actual economic development situations of different cities of a country. The first policy is to break the limitations and develop according to the actual need. The government of the country should allow the cities with ability of constructing the metro to complete the transportation based on their own capacity. The investment project examination should be simplified and the evaluation and verification and auditing process should be accelerated, so as to shorten the time of project implementation and examination time. The second policy is to seek truth from the facts. The economic situations of different countries are different; therefore, the standards and model of the construction of metro should be different. Some cities could build advanced and luxurious metros, but also economical and reingistic metros (Llyudhin, 1982). The principles of frugalness and reingistic should be applied to the construction of metro. The third policy is to make a plan and policy concerning the metro transportation development of the cities, especially the investment and financing policy, plan policy, comprehensive exploration policy, construction policy, equipment manufacture policy and operation management policy. The fourth policy is to combine metro construction experiences of other countries, to further complement and improve the city subway transportation construction technology standard, the strict technology as well as standard management.

Besides, four open policies could be adopted for many cities of many countries in the world.

- All-round opening. As far as the investment, financing, pre-feasibility study, engineering plan design, project supervision is concerned (Esparza et al., 2014), and the fund and experiences of other countries could be fully made use of to achieve the goal of high starting point design, high standard plan, high quality and high effective management.

- Limited open. Every country has its own construction teams. Therefore, when construing the metro, every country should handle some metro construction projects to its own construction teams, in which way the market shares of local construction teams the metro industry will be improved and the construction ability and management ability of local construction teams will be constantly improved.

- Supporting open. The devices and vehicles manufacture should be developed on the basis of local enterprises. Therefore, many cities should develop in a joint venture and cooperation and to develop the local industry, so as to realize the nationalization of the products (Rotake and Karmore, 2012). In addition, the country should absorb and bring in the advanced technology and experiences of other countries. In this way, a completed metro transportation device and vehicle manufacture system and industry construction will be formed. The nationalization of devices and vehicle transportation is the key of the metro industry and metro financial development.

- Traction open. With regard to the operation management, the cooperation of local enterprises and foreign enterprises should be adopted as the main development model of metro transportation instead of relying on only the local enterprises or the foreign enterprises, so as to improve the operation and management ability of local enterprises (Andrzej et al., 1983).

Apart from this, the improving of the industry construction and exploring industry resources are of very significance for the strengthening of the metro. Up to now, many countries still rely on the import of the main devices of the metro, except some developed countries such as America,

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