Report of Spectro

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Condenser : is found below diaphragm. Condenser can turn around and focus light on the object.(7)

Isotonic solution is equel concentration between outside and inside the cell.

Hypotonic solution is a solution that concentration of outside the cell is lower than concentration of inside the cell.

Hypertonic solution is a solution that concentration of outside the cell is higher than concentration of inside the cell.(8)

MATERIALS

Experiment 1

Light microscopy, Graph paper, paper with letter ‘e’, 3 samples pre-prepared eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells sample.

Experiment 2

Light microscopy, slide(lam), cover glass(lamel), toothpick, onion membrane, lancet for take blood in finger, alcohol, methylene blue, dH2O, pipette, isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solutions for bloods, blotting paper.

METHODS

Objective lens are 4X, 10X and 40X and eyepiece is 10X. So, total magnifications are 40X, 100X and 400X. All lens were written in the form total magnification.

First experiment

Firstly, graph paper was put on the stage and focus was adjusted helping focusing knobs while total magnification of 40X(there is no need refocus other lens, because of properties of being ‘parfocal’ of light microscopy), observed total magnification of 40X and 100X and observing images were drawn lab notebook and calculated diameters. Then paper with letter ‘e’ was put on the stage and focus was adjusted helping focusing knobs while total magnification of 40X. Firstly, instead of normal ‘e’, it was observed total magnification of 40X lens and image was seen ‘ǝ’. Then, it was observed total magnification of 100X and differen between total magnification of 40X and 100X was more bigger than image of total magnification of 40X. Finally, one of 3 pre-prepared samples(samples were prepared and put between lam and lamel) was put on the stage and focus was adjusted helping focusing knobs while total magnification of 40X. Then, pre-prepared sample observed total magnification of 40X, 100X and 400X. Other pre-prepared 2 samples were applied same procedure. Images of observed total magnification of 40X, 100X and 400X of every pre-prepared samples were taken photo or drawn on lab notebook.

Second experiment

Firstly, given onion membrane was put lam and one or two drops dH2O was put and lam closed with lamel but it should not be forgetten that lamel must put on the lam with 45 degree angle in order to avoid bubble. Then prepared specimen was put on the stage and focus was adjusted helping focusing knobs while total magnification of 40X. Then, specimen was observed total magnification of 40X, 100X and 400X and formed images were taken photo or drawn on lab notebook. Then, lam and lamel were cleared.

Epithelial cells were taken in your mouth helping toothpick make spiral movement and put lam. lam closed with lamel (be careful 45 degree angle). Epitelial cell was observed total magnification of 40X, 100X and 400X and drawn lab notebook.After that lamel was opened and one drop methylen blue was dripped on the epiteliel cell. lam closed with lamel (be careful 45 degree angle). Overflowing methylen blue was cleaned helping blotting paper. Prepared specimen was put on the stage and focus was adjusted helping focusing knobs while total magnification 40X. Then, specimen was observed total magnification of 40X, 100X and 400X. Images were taken photo. Lam and lamel were cleared.

Finally, middle or ring finger and lancet was cleaned alcohol and drilled by lancet. Then, blood dripped three different lam. And isotonic solution dripped on the blood one of lams and lam was closed by lamel. After waiting few minutes, prepared specimen was put on the stage and focus was adjusted helping focusing knobs while total magnification of 40X. Then, specimen was observed total magnification of 40X, 100X and 400X and formed images were taken photo. These process were applied hypotonic and hypertonic solution with other two lams. Take notes about the cells size. After all these experiment, all materials were cleaned.

RESULTS

First experiment[pic 10]

Firstly, graph paper was put on the stage and observed total magnification of 40X. Formed image was drawn.[pic 11][pic 12][pic 13][pic 14]

R= (3^2+3^2)^(1/2) R=3*2^(1/2)[pic 15][pic 16]

Area=pi*(R/2)^2 =pi*((3*2^(1/2))/2)^2 =14,13mm^2[pic 17]

[pic 18]

Then, graph paper was observed total magnification of 100X. Formed image was drawn.[pic 19][pic 20]

R= 1^2+1^2 R= 2^(1/2) Area=pi*(R/2)^2 =pi*((2^(1/2))/2)^2=1,570mm^2[pic 21]

[pic 22]

After, paper with letter ‘e’ was put on the stage and observed total magnification of 40X and 100X. Because of principle of lihgt microscopy, normal ‘e’ was observed ‘ǝ’. [pic 23]

Finally, 3 pre-prepared specimens which neuron cell, penicilium, Pittosporum glabratum leaf were observed total magnification of 40X, 100X and 400X. It was seen plant cell structure, animal cell structure and bacteria cell structure. So, it is analysed cell wall, ribosome, animal cells etc. So, it was seen difference of animal cell, plant cell and bacteria cell structure.

[pic 24][pic 25][pic 26]

Neuron cell total Neuron cell total Neuron cell total

magnification of 40X magnification of 100X magnification of 400X

Second experiment

Firstly, onion membrane was taken and put on the lam and one or two drops Dh2O dripped on thye onion membrane and closed by lamel. Then, specimen was put on the stage and observed total magnification of 40X, 100X and 400X. According to image total magnification of 400X, plant cell structure was observed clearly that cell wall.

[pic 27][pic 28][pic 29]

Onion membrane total Onion membrane total Onion membrane total

magnification