Translating Method for Demonstrative Pronouns Used in English Documents in the Field of Chemical and Environmental Science

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Newmark noted that “this procedure succeeds transference and adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology (word-forms) of the TL.”

Cultural equivalent

Regarding cultural words translation, another procedure named cultural equivalent is used to increase the impact of the TL translation. This procedure is characterized by the translation of the SL cultural word into TL cultural word.

Functional equivalent

This procedure defuses or generalizes the SL cultural word by using a new non-cultural term for the translation. According to Newmark’s evaluation, functional equivalent is the most precise procedure to translate a culture word.

Descriptive equivalent

Sometimes during the process of translation, description is placed over functioned. This procedure is described as descriptive equivalent.

Synonymy

Newmark wrote: “This procedure is used for a SL word where there is no clear one-to-one equivalent, and the word is not important in the text, in particular for adjectives or adverbs of quality”

Through-translation

“The literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations, the components of compounds (e.g. 'Superman1, Ubermmsch) and perhaps phrases (compliments de fa saison^ 'compliments of the season'), is known as caique or loan translation.” – Newmark, 1998.

Shifts or transpositions

A 'shift’ or 'transposition refers to a procedure relating to changes in grammar structures from SL to TL. This change may be in small units (singular to plural or word position) or a whole such as an entire structure which is not available in TL.

Recognised translation

If the term are widely used or have an accepted translation previously, translators should use the translated version normally. In case of disagreement with the translated version, translator can show their argument in order to achieve the most accurate translation.

Translation label

“This is a provisional translation, usually of a new institutional term, which should be

made in inverted commas, which can later be discreetly withdrawn. It could be done

through literal translation.”

Compensation

This is said to occur “when loss of meaning, sound-effect, metaphor or pragmatic effect in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part, or in a contiguous sentence.”

Componential analysis

Componential analysis relates to the division of lexical unit into the maximum of four smaller sense translations.

Reduction and expansion

Newmark considered these procedures imprecise, since the use is only considered practicable in some cases.

Paraphrase

Paraphrase helps explain or emphasize the meaning of the unit especially when the text is poorly written or has undeniable implication and exceptions.

Couplets

Newmark identifies couplets as a mixture of all of the above procedures to deal with a translation of a single word. Commonly found case is the combination of transference and a functional or a cultural equivalent.

Notes, additions, glosses

This procedure is said to be applicable to the case of cultural, technical or linguistic translation. However, the use of this procedure is different with each translator due to different understandings as well as readerships.

Other procedures

Vinay and Darbelnet mentioned 2 other procedures include equivalence, which is basically approximate equivalent procedure, and adaptation, which is “the use of equivalent between two situations” (Newmark, 1998).

To summarize, translation procedures contribute greatly in a good translation. Appropriate procedures used in appropriate cases not only can maintain accuracy for the translation, but also preserve the attitude implied in the original text, providing an accurate, clear and smooth version of the source text in target language.

- The importance of suitable translating procedure:

Translating procedure contributes greatly in the quality of the translation. Although the scale of translation is smaller than translation method (only applicable to grammatical units), the effect of using the right procedure is undeniable.

Choosing the appropriate translation procedures not only can provide reader with an accurate translation, but also can deliver implications and other meanings that may be lost during the process of converting the text into TL. As mentioned above, translation procedure deals with only small units of text; hence, the influence of a suitable procedure is reflected in every single word of the translated version. Unlike translating method, translating procedure is more diverse, more complex and more than two procedures can be joint in a single translation of a word. This helps translators to expand the number of translations; thus, giving the translators a wider range of translated versions to choose from and improve the overall quality of the text in general.

In specific, choosing the right procedure gives the right translation of a word. Moreover, in the case of literal and cultural translation, the right procedure may take the translation into a new level of art, in which the translator may find himself as the writer, bringing the values from one culture to another (Edith Grossman).

- Overview of demonstrative pronouns:

- Definition and features of demonstrative pronouns:

Languages have an unlimited source of vocabulary. It is estimated that English has at least a quarter of a million distinct words (Oxford University). However, in writing and speaking in general, users sometimes cannot use all of the synonyms and acronyms of words to avoid repetition or due to the differences in levels of meaning. In this case, another replacing method, namely, demonstrative pronoun, is used to indicate the thing or person mentioned.

Why