Report of G-Typing

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2. The cell line quality has a significant role in virus production, analytic applications and bioactive materials. Researchers encounter three main problems while applying cell culture technology. These problem are cross- contaminating via further cell lines, gaining epigenetic variations due to cells' over-passing resulting in selecting altered clones and microbiological contamination (mycoplasma contamination). These problems might occur because of several reasons such as introducing contaminated cell lines from many tissues into the laboratory cell culture. In addition, utilizing inappropriate cell culture processes can lead to these problems. Thus, checking both identity and contamination of received cell culture has to be performed for any cell line which is taken from different resources. The microbiological contamination and cross- contamination can also occur throughout cultivation. As a result, quality tests have to be conducted at constant time periods.

3. Faulty cell culture techniques may cause cross-contaminated cell lines. Utilizing a contaminated cell line which is provided by unreliable source which was not tested for identity is the main cause of cross-contaminated cell lines. The cell lines which have not undergone testing should not be placed with other cell lines unless the cell line is fully tested. Furthermore, long term culturing of cell lines can result in over passing and contamination. When the first quality test is done, cell lines must undergo expanding and storing as master and working stocks in liquid nitrogen to have a constant access to uncontaminated material. Besides, handling of several cultures under laminar flow hood results in cell-line cross contamination. Aerosols production must be prevented.

4. 5'-GTGCACCAT-3'

5. DNA backbone has phosphate groups which are in fact strong acids which posse a pK value of 1. Besides, these groups are fully ionized causing DNA to be negative in charge. Cations which have positive charge aid in neutralizing these negative charges. Thus, the custom agent must be aware since there is a possibility that the provided information are wrong.

6. Yes, this strikes as a peculiar as it has single stranded DNA. T and A mole percentages and C and G percentages are the same in every double stranded DNA samples. This idea is accurate prior to finding DNA structure. Since DNA structure is well known now, results indicate that virus DNA has a single strand while cellular DNA is double stranded.M13 virus has a DNA that has a single strand. Therefore, in single strand DNA, T does not pair to A and C does not pair to G. hence, the mole percentage of T and A or G and C are unequal.

7. When comparing chromosome 9 which is normal and chromosome 22 which is abnormal, we can see that the lowest part of chromosome 22 was translocate to the lowest part of chromosome 9. It is clear that the patient is female since there are two X chromosomes.

8. Replication origin might be characterised as the particular sequences that capable of controlling the start of DNA replication permitting duplication of chromosomes. Centromere can be defined as sequences which aid in pulling of 1 copy of every duplicated chromosome toward its respective daughter cell. Telomeres are the sequences that are located at end part of chromosomes. Telomeres permits the replication of end part of chromosomes. Besides, they aid to avoid recognizing the ends as breaks and they inhibit fusing of end of chromosomes to neighbouring chromosomes.

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