Male Reproductive System

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Klinefelter syndrome causes affected men to have small testes that do not produce as much testosterone as usual that lead to infertility and breast enlargement among other symtoms. The presence of one extra copy of the X chromosome in each cell (47,XXY) often causes this syndrome. Extra copies of genes on the X chromosome interfere with male sexual development, example preventing the testes from functioning normally and reducing the levels of testosterone. Klinefelter syndrome are not inherited. These chromosomal changes which is an error in cell division called nondisjunction usually occur as random events during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) in a parent. Testosterone replacement therapy may be prescribed for the treatment. This can help to improve appearance of muscle and increase energy and sex drive. However, infertility cannot be treated. Even though testosterone therapy can treat this syndrome, the therapy also carries various risks such as limiting sperm production, and blood clots forming in the veins.

There are many male lifestyle issues that can affect fertility.

Firstly diet is very important. A diet rich in carbohydrates, fibre, folate, fruit and veg has been shown to improve semen quality. Smaller amounts of proteins and fats seems to be beneficial for fertility. Obesity could increase scrotal temperature and decrease libido. Conversely being underweight can also lead to lower sperm concentrations. General physical exercise 3 times a week for one hour often means higher quality sperm. Smoking can cause damage to sperm DNA leading to an increased risk of birth defects. Probability of conception decreases as age increases. This could be due to a decrease in sperm concentration and motility.

When someone is diagnosed with infertility issues counselling is really important for them. This is because infertility can have a stressful impact on relationships and affect sex life. It is often hard for the couple to communicate to each other about the issue and to other people. Counselling can help couples express these feelings and get support from each other and people who understand their situation in order to make decisions about the future.

From ethical point of view, many treatments are also not provided on the NHS and the cost of IVF for example is too expensive for some couples and so this is not an option for them. IVF can also increase the likelihood of multiple pregnancies which have health complications for the mother and childs such as risk of prematurity, low birth weight.

Some religions don’t believe we should interfere with natural processes like fertility