Causes of Somatoform, Dissociative, and Personality Disorders

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Comorbid

Most cases of dissociative disorder with comorbid mental disorders, with an average of 8 Axis I and Axis II DSM 4.5. The psychiatric history often contain multiple previous diagnoses of various disorders and treatment failures. The most frequent reason for consultation DID is depression, headaches is a common neurological symptom. Comorbid disorders may include substance abuse, eating disorders, anxiety, PTSD and personality disorders. Most people diagnosed with met criteria for personality disorders Axis II of DSM, such as borderline personality, a significant minority meets the criteria for avoidant personality disorder and other personality disorders . Furthermore, the data supports a high level of psychotic symptoms in DID, and that both schizophrenia and have no history of trauma. People diagnosed with also demonstrated higher hypnotizability of any clinical population. The large number of the symptoms exhibited by individuals diagnosed with DID clinical has led some to suggest that rather than being a separate disorder, DID diagnosis is actually an indication of the severity of other patients diagnosed disorders .

Borderline personality disorder

In 1993 a group of researchers examined both DID and borderline personality disorder, concluding that did was an epiphenomenon of BPD, without evidence or clinical description can distinguish between the two. His conclusions about the empirical evidence of the DID were repeated by a second group, who still believe there was a diagnosis, but also knowledge to date did not justify the TID as a separate diagnosis, but also do not deny its existence. Comments medical records and psychological evidence indicates that most patients with TID might be diagnosed with BPD, although about a third could not be, suggesting DID not exist, but can be over-diagnosed. Between 50-66% of patients who also meet the criteria for BPD, and nearly 75% of patients with BPD also meet the criteria DID with considerable overlap between the two conditions in terms of personality traits , cognitive and day to day operation, and qualifications by clinicians. Both groups also report higher than in the general population of physical and sexual abuse, and patients with BPD also score high on measures of dissociation. Even using strict diagnostic criteria may be difficult to distinguish between dissociative disorders and BPD. The DSM says that acts of self-mutilation, impulsivity and rapid changes in interpersonal relationships "may warrant a concurrent diagnosis of borderline personality disorder." Steven Lynn and colleagues have suggested that significant overlap between BPD and DID may be a contributing factor to the development of iatrogenic DID, because it alters hidden suggested by therapists offering a diagnosis of DID provides an explanation to patients by unstable behavior, self -mutilación, unpredictable mood swings and actions that experience.

Causes

The cause of DID is controversial, with the debate that occurs between supporters of different hypotheses: they did is a reaction to trauma, which occurs DID iatrogenic inadequate psychotherapeutic techniques that cause the patient to take the role of a patient with DID, and new hypotheses involving memory processing that allows the possibility that trauma causes dissociation may occur after childhood in DID, as it does in PTSD. It has been suggested that all stress-related disorders and trauma based being placed into a category that include both DID and PTSD. Disturbed sleep disorders and has also been suggested as having a role in dissociative disorders in general and specifically in DID.

Research is needed to determine the prevalence of the disease in people who have never been in therapy, and prevalence rates in all cultures. These key issues related to the epidemiology of DID is still largely covered despite several decades of research. Discussions on the causes of also spread to disagreements over how it is evaluated and the disorder is.

Developmental Trauma

People diagnosed with DID often report that they have been victims of severe physical and sexual abuse, especially during the early and middle childhood, and others report an early loss, serious illness or other traumatic event. They also report more historical than those diagnosed with any mental illness psychological trauma. Sexual, physical or severe psychological trauma in childhood has been proposed as an explanation of its development, awareness, memories and emotions of harmful actions or events caused by trauma are removed from consciousness and alternate personalities or subpersonalities form with different memories, emotions and behavior. DID is attributed to extreme stress or attachment disorders. What can be expressed as PTSD in adults can be made when it occurs in children, possibly due to their greater use of imagination as a way to cope. Possibly due to changes in development and a more coherent sense of self beyond the age of six years, the experience of extreme trauma may result in different but also complex dissociative symptoms and disorders of identity. A specific relationship between childhood abuse, disorganized attachment, and lack of social support is thought to be a necessary component of the DID. Other suggested explanations include poor childhood nutrition combined with the innate ability of children, in general, to dissociate memories or experiences of consciousness.

Untying early trauma etiology of dissociation has been explicitly rejected by those who support the model of early trauma. However, a 2012 review article supports the hypothesis that current or recent trauma may affect the assessment of a person's distant past, changing past experience and results in dissociative states. Giesbrecht et al. have suggested that there is no real empirical evidence linking early dissociation trauma, and instead suggest that neuropsychological problems such as increasing distraction in response to certain emotions and contexts represent dissociative performance characteristics. A middle position raises the hypothesis that trauma, in some situations, alters the neural mechanisms related to memory. Evidence is growing that dissociative disorders are related both to a history of trauma and "specific neural mechanisms". It has also been suggested that there may be a real relationship, but more modest between trauma and DID, with early trauma causing an increased propensity to fantasy, which in turn can make people more vulnerable to socio-cognitive influences surrounding the development of DID.

Therapist induced

Post-traumatic predominant model of