Scada (supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)

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A micro-grid can help in reducing greenhouse gases, reliably integrating the variable renewable energy sources, enables the plug-in electric vehicles in replacement of gasoline-powered vehicles. It can increase the resiliency of the grid by integrating diverse supply options.

Cyber Security

Cyber security for the micro-grid or any other electric sector is a national concern. This concern is growing as the power system becomes increasingly more complex and totally reliant on information and technology and modern communication infrastructures. This reliance has seen an increase in the power systems vulnerability to acts of terrorism, natural disasters and other risks. Security is best applied in every layer and at different level. The term ‘level’ refers to the different levels in the communication infrastructure underlying any cyber security system while the ‘layer’ refers to the multiple barriers between the target and the attacker. Characteristics of micro-grid that ensures these factors include the ability to:

- Anticipate and respond to system disturbances.

- Accommodate all generation and storage options.

- Operate with resiliency to deliberate attacks and natural disasters.

- Operate efficiently

- Address cyber security goals for integrity, availability, reliability, confidentiality and accountability.

The incorporation of cyber security and micro-grid is an important means of building and documenting a greater understanding of the technologies and their implications. Cyber security can support build resiliency and energy emergency, security and reliability, while simultaneously meeting the societal and consumer needs.

Sustainability

Due to the energy crisis in Pakistan, a number of organizations are working on renewable energy generation. They are committing to long-term projects, regardless of the expected time to retrieve the investment.

Micro-grids rely more on automation and require fewer skills to operate.

Classification of Microgrids

We can classify micro-grids into four categories.

- Military and security

Micro-grids are necessary to maintain data and security, reliability during a national catastrophe.

- Commercial or industrial grids

These types of grids cater to a specific type of industrial community.

Fossil fuel based or any other energy recovered for the process like waste products, bio fuels heat could be used for the energy sources.

- Community grids

Grids that are especially for utilize and optimize the regional renewable resources to give cost effective power supply. This is the really effective micro-grid.

- Remote grids

Remote grids can be used for islands due to geographical features. Consider a country like Indonesia, having more than twenty-two-thousands islands.it is difficult to connect all these to a national grid. Fossil fuels can be used for the power sources in these grids.

Why do we need Micro Grids?

The centralized transmission is definitely the backbone of the power distribution system. They have some drawbacks

- 8-10% energy loss

- High investment cost step-up or step-down transformers, transmission lines, right of way and other legal issues.

- The generating capacity has to match the peak load, which means a lot of excess capacity is built into the system, which increases the investment cost.

- Users feel the grid disturbances

- Outages

- Voltage fluctuations

- Blackouts and brownouts

- Grid management is constantly juggling act where to balance the generation and demand over a wide geographic area.

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Salient Features

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Methodology

This project is going to introduce a system when the required load exceeds the limiting value, it will be transferred to the secondary or tertiary supply. At day time, everything will be supplied by solar system while after sunset each portion of the building will be supplied by different sources from supplier. Another feature of this project will be transferred of load to a secondary or tertiary supply that will be UPS or generator (depending upon the need) if load level increases from a certain predefined limit while load is supplied by supplier. A wireless link will be developed between PLC and SCADA for monitoring and control purpose.

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evolution of energy modernization

Micro-grid implementation involves four phases.

Demand Reduction

Micro-grid applications

The Micro-grids uses enabling technology to achieve specific objectives that includes advance sensors, communication infrastructure, and advanced modeling and simulation techniques.

Following are the applications of micro-grid examples how micro-grids can be used.

- Outage management and recovery

Micro-grid can enhance outage detection. All information about occurrence outages will be available. Outage can reduce demand on consumers and recovery time can be minimized.

- Voltage reduction

Distribution line losses can be reduced by the help of voltage optimization, without affecting the performance of consumer equipment.

- Other micro-grid applications

Fault detection,

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