Sugar Metabolism Worksheet

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For a graph to be informative it must have:

- A Figure Legend BELOW the graph with an informative title, an explanation of what each symbol, line, colour or shading means, what statistics are shown, treatments, times etc.. All the information required to understand the Figure completely on its own independent of what is written in the results or main text. (HINT: Look at a recent manuscript in Journal of Physiology Figure legend for guidance).

- Both axes are appropriately labelled with units used,

- Different line types and/or symbols used for different experimental groups which are easily distinguishable from each other,

- A legend (key) in the top right or left hand corner showing what the different symbols and/or line types used for the different plots in the graph stand for. and

- Appropriate font sizes (12 point for labels and figure legend, at least 10 pt for axes).

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figure 1.1

The mean blood glucose (mM) concentration for each experimental group: taking Glucose + Exercise, Glucose + Resting, Taking Fructose + Rest, Glucose + Sip and spit). This is plotted against the time (minutes) that the Glucose / Fructose was taken starting from the base line ( Fasting stage, before taking the glucose/ fructose), and after taking the glucose 30,60,90,120 minutes time frame. The error bars are calculated by SEM (Standard Error of the Mean) – Standard Deviation/ square root Sample.

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Figure 2

Change in blood glucose concentration of the experimental Setups

The change in blood glucose concentration is the difference between the peak blood glucose concentration (the highest blood glucose concentration after consumption of the sugar drink) and the basal blood glucose concentration.

It is calculated using the maximum value for the means of the different setups minus its basal mean. although the glucose sip and spit group was calculated differently using the minimum mean of the group minus its basal mean.

PRE-PRAC CONSIDERATIONS

- Why is it necessary to fast before taking the glucose load?

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- Why would it be more accurate to measure the glucose concentration in the blood rather than in the urine?

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ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST

- Referring to your figure, what happens to the concentration of glucose in the blood during the first hour after ingestion of the glucose load? Why?

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- When does the blood glucose concentration reach a maximum? Why is this amount of time required?

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- What makes the blood glucose concentration fall again? (Discuss the physiology)

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GLUCOSE VS FRUCTOSE

- What happens to the concentration of glucose in the blood for the first hour after ingestion of the FRUCTOSE? How does this compare with ingesting glucose?

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- When does the blood glucose concentration reach a maximum? How does this compare with the group that ingested the glucose load?

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EXERCISE VS RESTING

- Explain the differences between the basal glucose and glucose exercise groups before and after the ingestion of the sugar drink. That is, does exercise have any effect on the change in blood concentration of glucose? Why might this be?

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- The exercising subjects sometimes show variable responses to this glucose load. Why might this be?

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CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

- In a clinical setting, when would you administer an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)?

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- You are consulting a person diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes (Mellitus) on their diet. How would you describe to the person the expected changes in their blood glucose concentration after consumption of a sugary meal compared to a non-diabetic person? Discuss the underlying physiology.

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