Literary Review

Inclusión

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Literary Review

Nowadays, special educational needs play an important role, because these can generate some problematic situations inside the classroom; especially, in the acquisition of language and the students behaviour during the class, for example, doing their homeworks,expressing with their classmates and so on.. As future teachers, it is really important to recognize the different disabilities and their features; in order to manage them in an effective way . Therefore, this research is going to base on a specific special educational need which is blindness; and it is defined according to the Chilean law (Decreto 170, 2010)[1], students who have a special educational needs are “those who need support and additional resources, whether human, material and pedagogical, to lead its developments and learning process, and contribute to the achievement of the aims of education”. Taking into account the definition, it is important to distinguish two different types[2], the first one is reduced vision which refers to a reduction of the vision;which is not an impediment for people to carry out daily activities, but optical tools are required to facilitate visual perception. On the other hand, blindness is a total loss of vision, in other words, this state does not allow people to carry on daily activities, however, other senses are developed to guide themselves.

Around the world there are estimated 253 million people who live with vision impairment[3], and this is caused by the chronic eye diseases such as refractive errors and cataract, these cases can be found, especially, in low and middle income countries. Although, the 80% percent of all vision impairment can be prevented or cured; however, the other 20% percent is permanent and people who is diagnosed with this disease have to deal with this disability for the rest of their life. For that reason, there is extremely important to implement strategies to help students to develop their skills in order to carry on their daily routine; for instance, teachers can define strategies as plans to achieve success, in this time, it will provide opportunities for students with special needs to actively engage in the classroom in order to achieve a goal, which will benefit their learning. Some relevance strategies and how these help to improve their skills and the technological help that teachers and school can provide to blind students in order to make them feel that they are able to work as the rest of their classmates. The next elements are essential in blind students learning, the first one is to respond teacher’s instructions, for example, raising the hand highly in order to participate fully; the other one is no blind people must learn to be more verbal such as descriptions and explaining certain situations using specific attributes. The third one is the development of some skills like mental map or mental representations, memorization and sound localization. Then, the adaptation of activities in order the students with disabilities can participate during the class. Finally, the last two points are technology help and classroom arrangement, for instance, worksheets or book should be on the table next to the Braille Writer for student to read; and answer sheet should be in Braille Writer. Also, teachers can implement some screen magnifiers, talking books and taped dialogues for reading comprehension