Biological Theories on Crime Comparison

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In some research like biochemical which was managed in the 80s and 90s, they tried to decide explicit aspects bonded with a greater chance of engaging in criminal behavior. For instance, explicit neurotransmitter lacking balance in ones brains like low level of serotonin, slower reactions of the autonomic nervous system and hormonal lacking balances like higher levels of testosterone seems to be bonded with greater criminality.

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Most studies have decided other biological aspects bonded with greater aggressiveness as well as violence which involves alcohol intoxication, diet, substance abuse, and the ingestion of substances and toxic chemicals. Example of biological theory is bio social arousal theory which states that a individual's level of arousal processes in conjunction with the social environment. Those individuals with low levels of arousal are less likely to learn ways that are positive to handle aggression and violence and they become prone to consider criminal activities. In the evolutional theory, there is a a vast based perspective that explicit types of criminals acts are genetic and it can be moved down from one generation to another with the so called evolutionary process natural survival and preferences.

Based on some criminologists, certain offenders are born into environments even those who are experiencing utmost extreme means of support or being discriminated as minority groups, which tend to build or create criminal behavior. Other noted that since only some peoples give forth to such influences, other stimuli can also initiate them. One large accepted theories like Edwin Sutherland's context of differential association which stated that a criminal behavior can be learned in peers that are little. In general, psychiatry believes crime to lead from emotional problems, often rooted from childhood experience (Ciochetti, 2003).

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Psychological theories

The part of the psychologists is to make plain delinquent and criminal behavior by providing importance on the personality of the persons. Definitely, psychologists investigate the conditions in which behavior as well as restraint in behavior is evolved. Such processes are regularly perceived and conceived as being the end of the influence of biological predispositions and social experiences.

One of the early and also thought about as the most popular psychological crime theories the work of Sigmund Freud. In this theory, Sigmund Freud presented reasons that human nature have a large reservoir of related forces which is known as the id which inquire gratification. Such forces are restrained by moral and ethical codes (superego) that individuals incorporate as a end of their attachment or great love to the parents. During adulthood, a person develop the rational part of the personality known as the ego which tends to balance the drives of the id and the restraints of the superego. Since id is a relatively endless drive, criminality is well known to be a outcome from the failure of the superego, an outcome of its incomplete development. Nonetheless, empirical and substantial proof for such theory is very thin (Elliott & Menard, 1996).

Other psychological theories that come forth were those theories that come forth on behavior theories which include Skinner's theory who noted all human behavior including criminal behaviors is learned and these are commanded by the consideration of reinforcement and punishment. With these wider psychological theories, it is sometimes well known that crime is often joined with explicit mental conditions. Accordingly, mental illness is decided as one of the cause of a relatively little part of crimes, but it is perceived significance may be exaggerated or overstated by seriousness of some criminal activities, committed by individuals with mental problems and also disabilities. The conclusion of some mental institutions enabled many mentally ill individuals into surrounding communication in which some of them became difficult. Since authorities cannot put them in another place, there was a strong possibility for mentally ill to end up in jails and prisons (Jessor & Jessor, 1977).

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Social Factors

Accordingly, the biggest number of criminological theories has been formed through sociological elements. Such theories have universally well known that criminal behavior is a normal reaction of biologically and psychologically normal people to certain kind of social situations.

Examples of such strategies include the differential association theory that require that all criminal behavior can be learned and such learning approach is affected by the length of the contract of a person with people who committed crime. The more they connect with these kind of individuals, the more possibility to adopt and learn criminal behaviors and values (Brezina and Piquero, 2003).

These theories have their strengths, each also has their weaknesses. The biological theories of weakness is it is restricted in it's responses to the criminal behavior problem and even thou they are the first to use scientific technique, some of the theories are not proven. Sociological approach, there are still some defects on the proof that shows linkages of sociological character with criminal behavior.

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Conclusion

Criminological theories are thought about to be essential, particularly in line with the criminal justice system. Without these theories, criminal justice system may not be structured and systematized in making conclusions regarding a criminal behavior. Although criminological theories have their defects, criminologists and other theories are still trying to find ways on how