Arcl 140 Biological Anthropology

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idea that earth was young because he observed layers of rock formation

uniformitarianism- same gradual process we observe today was occurring in the past

Darwin’s Influencers

Sir Charles Lyell

strong supporter of uniformitarianism

Principles of Geology

Thomas Malthus

forces of fertility and starvation- increase in nations food production leads to population increase

Darwin and Wallace: theory of evolution by the process of natural selection

1831 goes on Beagle. Mission is to chart coast of Southern America

Darwin investigated geology and collected specimens

Transmutation- change of ones species to another

Biogeography- distribution of species through space and time

Adaptive Radiation- many species emerge from a few ancient ones

Natural Selection- biological change in a species in which adaptive radiation occurs

Artificial Selection- dog breeder

Malthus’ principles of population

in each generation, more offspring are born than survive

competition for resources

variation

Alfred Russel Wallace

went to brazil to try to prove transmutation

went to southeast asia, saw difference between asian animals and Australian

environmental pressures force animals to evolve and adapt

Natural Selection

8 Key Elements of Natural Selection

1. species can produce offspring faster than food supply can keep up

2. variation in all species

3. More offspring produced than survive (competition)

4. favorable traits = more likely to survive

5. environment determines if trait is good

6. traits are inherited and passed down

7. variation takes long time

8. isolation can cause one species to turn into multiple

Chapter Three: Genetics: Cells and Molecules

Genetics- study of gene structure and action and how traits are transmitted

Population Genetics- species are divided into populations

Phylogenetics- evolutionary relationships between species

Cells

Prokaryotes- single celled organisms with no major organelles or nucleus

Eukaryotes- well organized nucleus and organelles

Somatic- cells other than sex (bone, blood)

Gametes- sperm and ova

Stem- can differentiate into any cell

DNA

A,T two hydrogen bonds

C, G three hydrogen bonds

replication and protein synthesis

Nucleotide- sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate

Replication- Helicase separates two strands

Leading Strand- DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides

Lagging Strand- RNA primase starts and then DNA polymerase finishes

Protein Synthesis-

Transcription- occurs in nucleus

DNA is used to make mRNA

Promoter region is recognition stage for RNA Polymerase to bind

binding unwinds dna

Translations- occurs in cytoplasm

info in mRNA makes peptide

mRNA contains introns and exons

introns need to be removed

leaves nucleus and enters cytoplasm

codons code for specific amino acids

mRNA binds to ribosomal unit

tRNA molecule binds to start codon

amino acids bond to form poly peptide chain

9 essential amino acids, 20 total

makes 20,000 proteins

Substitution, Insertion, or Deletion Errors -> result in Point Mutations

Structural Gene- contain information to make proteins

Regulatory Gene- guide expression of structural gene without coding for protein

Cell Division

chromatin- diffused form of DNA

chromosomes- composed of condensed DNA

centomere- condensed and contracted region of a chromosome

Mitosis- somatic cell division. single cell splits into 2 identical cells

Interphase- DNA replicates itself

Prophase- chromatin forms into chromosomes. Centrosomes spread

Metaphase- chromosomes connect to microtubules and align in the center

Anaphase- motor proteins pull microtubules and pull chromosomes to either side

Telophase- Chromosomes from into chromatin and cell separates

Meiosis

Interphase- chromatin replicates

Prophase 1- chromosomes form and double up. One from father and one from mother

The two chromosomes cross over and share DNA

Metaphase

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