Research for Senior Managers Proposal

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- The economic position of women in Asia

- Female Participation in the Labor Force

- Participation of women in public management

- Poverty, Rural Development and women

Furthermore the importance of this research can be described as follows:

Cause for selecting this topic

Basically, it is very attentive in to studying these social areas as well as this research attempts to answer some topical questions.

What kind of thing that we can learn from this research?

The main purpose of this research is to identify whether there are limitations for female to attain managerial positions in the Universities in Sri Lanka and to identify the causes, affected to such situations.

How does this research add knowledge to current knowledge?

Although there are international researches articles’ focusing on “women in Development” it is difficult to find out such research articles in Sri Lanka context. Though there are some articles relating to “women’s participation and Development”, research on “Limited female participation in managerial positions of Universities in Sri Lanka” still have not been done.

5. Literature Review

This will provide information on Explanations, Definitions and research findings focused on the topic of this research.

Barr, S.: (1996), explained the issue of the workplace has been a tumultuous Early in the 20th century few women participated in the labor force. A women’s place was at home taking care of the family and managing the domestic world. The great depression magnified this fact, as unemployment reached its highest level in history, but women more than ever stayed home to look after their husbands who now found themselves without work.

When considering the history, World War II brought a complete reversal of this trend. Productivity boomed and the men left their homes, some to work most to join the war effort. Women in large masses for the first time also hit the labor market. Dubbed "Rosie the Riveter” those women worked in manufacturing plants and in other technological industries that had previously seen only male employees. With the men off at war these companies needed women to fill their shoes and women streamed into the business. Since then they have not looked back as women’s employment in the labour force grew steadily in the four decades after World War II. It was not until very recently that female employment growth rates have leveled out.

Jayeweera, S. , Pal, M. S. (1999) explained Our results are hence consistent with the notion of a female management style that enhances the performance of senior management by facilitating collegiality but is affected by the leadership attributes of the CEO position.”What the world needs today is not more competition but the woman is a native genius For sympathetic co-operation.

1. Factors affecting women’s participation in the private sectors in Jordan

[Peebles, D. , Darwazeh, N. , Ghasheh, H. , Sabbah, A. National Center for the Human Resource Development, Jordan].

There is considerable discrimination against married women in the private sector in terms of recruitment and promotions as it is generally believed that they will not be as committed to do theirs as married male employees.

This discrimination takes the form of

- Asking personal questions related to marriage and pregnancy plans during job interviews.

- The allocation of most training and promotion opportunities to male staff.

2. Women in Sri Lanka

Jayeweera, S., Pal, M. S. (1999) explained Gender-based occupational segregation in the labor market has not changed significantly. Despite the entry of a few women to new areas of employment, the majority of women is concentrated in domestic and plantation agriculture, traditional local industries, assembly-lone industries in the modern sector, in the education and health Sub sectors and in domestic service.

- Women have access to employment opportunities and incomes but they are employed chiefly in semi-skilled labor intensive industries irrespective of their educational level, without opportunities for upgrading skills.

3. Barriers to women’s participation in decision-making positions

Barr, S.: (1996) stated Childcare responsibilities are viewed as the most significant obstacle faced by women in obtaining decision-making posts. While most respondents believe that there should be a gender balance in parliamentary and local council representation, a minority think that men are more suitable for such posts.

According to the survey findings, men are to some extent more interested in receiving a job promotion in their work than women are. When asked about their interest in being promoted, 57.9% of men expressed an interest in promotion compared with 53.9% of women.

4. Female Participation in the Labor Force

The 1996 Welfare Reform Bill passed by Congress had an effect on poor and single mothers in the workplace. By trying to move women from welfare to work, the bill encouraged these women to find jobs, thus entering the labor force. Additionally, the real wages of meeting earning lower incomes have remained stagnant or even slightly fallen in recent years. The cost of a wife sitting around the house and taking care of the children has risen, so the wives have much more incentive, and need, now to go out and earn on their own. This, in turn, also puts pressure on single mothers to go out and work as well. These women do not necessarily work full-time year-round, but their entrance into the marketplace is a positive for not only them but the women's movement in general. Barr, S.: (1996) explained It has gotten to the point, however, that marriage and children (except a pre-school aged child, where mothers tend to stay at home or work minimal hours) now have little effect on whether a not a woman work, and for how long she works. This is the societal norm, although access to other income earnings, the single still has a large effect on a woman's employment option. Women now spend a couple of

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