Zoology Reviewer

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- Dense Fibrous Irregular Connective Tissues – Protein fibers are interwoven, running in all directions; strong in all directions

- LOCATION: Dermis of the skin

Cartilage – unique connective tissue

- CELLS PRESENT: Chondrocytes, surrounded by cavities called lacunae

- INTERCELLULAR MATTER: Protein fibers

- Non vascular

Three Types

- Hyaline

- LOCATION: Larynx, trachea, at end of embryonic long bones, front of your nose

- FUNCTION: support

- Elastic

- INTERCELLULAR MATRIX: Elastin protein fibers

- LOCATION: Makes up the ears

- Fibrocartilage – second hardest substance next to the bone and teeth

- LOCATION: Intervertebral dick

- FUNCTION: Absorbs compression shock

Bone Tissues

- CELL PRESENT – Osteocytes, surrounded by lacunae

- INTERCELLULAR MATTER – Calcium salts (Ca phosphate and calcium carbonate); Collagen protein fibers

- FUNCTION: Supports and protects, stores calcium and fat and forms blood vessel

- Highly vascularized

TWO TYPES OF BONE TISSUES

- Compact bones – osteocytes are arranged in concentric circles called Haversian System

- Spongy bones – osteocyte are arranged in spongy network

Bone cells

- Osteoblast – responsible for secreting calcium mineral

- Osteoclast – they perform bone resorption, they breakdown bone and deposit calcium and phosphate in the blood. Important to the growth and repair of bones.

- Osteocytes –mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts, found in the cavities

*Osteoporosis – bones become weak and brittle

Blood (Hemopoietic Tissue)

- Cells Present

- Red Blood Cells – Transport O2 and CO2

- White Blood Cells – Produce antibodies that inactivate foreign agents; Phagocytise (engulf) foreign agents

- Platelets – For blood clotting

- Intercellular Matter

- Plasma –yellow clear fluid part of the blood

Red Blood Cells – erythrocytes

PROPERTIES

- Non –nucleated

- Life span of 120 days

- Biconcave

- Elastic membrane –permits change in size and shape.

- MALE-4.5 -5.4M per uL, FEMALE -3.6-5.0 per uL

White Blood Cells – leucocytes

- AGRANULOCYTES

- Lymphocytes – biggest nucleus almost fill up the entire cell

- 20-25% of WBC

- Too many may be due to leukemia, certain viral infections

- Monocytes – 2-6% of WBC

- Too many due to fungal infections, leukemia, tuberculosis

- GRANULOCYTES

- Neutrophils –about 60% of WBC

- Too many may be due to bacterial infection, inflammation, leukemia

- Eosinophils -1-3% of WBC

- Too many may be result from allergic reaction, parasitic infection

- Basophils -1%

MUSCLE TISSUE

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

- LOCATION: Attached to the bones

- FUNCTION: Voluntary movement, locomotion

Smooth Muscle Tissue

- LOCATION: Hollow organs, gastrointestinal organs, excretory ducts and major arteries.

- FUNCTION: Involuntary movement

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

- LOCATION: Walls of the heart

- FUNTION: Involuntary control

NERVE TISSUE

- Axon – brings the signal away from the soma

- Soma – cell body

- Dendrite – receives signals from other neuron to the soma