Male Aggression Against Women - an Evolutionary Perspective

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male libido. Also, in apes, the animal who goes up in rank goes up in testosterone while

the animal who sinks in rank sinks in androgen level as well. In addition, testosterone is important for sperm production and direct physiological effect. Testos­terone promote mus­cle development in both males and female because it helps uptake of glucose and amino acids by muscle cells and structural protein. In the opposite, estradiol is promoting the uptake of glucose by fat cells. Before puberty, boys and girls have similar amounts of muscle and fat on their bodies. When puberty, testosterone in boys, estradiol in girls make a difference. The average adult male carries a simi­

lar amount of fat on his body as the average adult female, but his muscle mass may be twice as great. His frame is also larger on average. Muscle cells take glucose in response to insulin secretion, Testosterone acts to enhance this in part by contributing to the expression of insulin receptors by the muscle cells. Testosterone enhances the body's ability to accomplish this task when conditions both energy is available and habitual use. Large differences in absolute levels of testosterone make male is stronger than females.

After, Ellison analyses the patterns of variation in male testicular function and their relationship to ecological and constitutional factors. Like in traditional soci­eties, testosterone levels that are significantly lower on average than populations in developed coun­tries. However, testosterone level don’t change in male bodies because of seasonal work like it do in women. In a certain environmental circumstances, enough muscle need to be maintained to enhance competi­tive ability. They need enough energy to keep muscle mass and reproductive behavior. Under bad envi­ronmental conditions, growth will be slower and adult size smaller. Under more favorable conditions growth will be faster and final adult size greater. In the modem world, growth seems to reach the limit because good energy intake.

For body building in males and females, I heard that women requiring more work than men in burning fat, so many women use low carbohydrate diets and need foods that help increase metabolism to overcome some of the physiological disadvantages that females have. Does extra testosterone make it easier for girl to build muscle and lose weight?