Literature Review on Antimicrobial Activity

...

After looking at the factors of natural compounds it would be compared to a synthetic compound called benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepine was discovered by Leo Sternbach in 1955 and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche.

Benzodiazepine would affect the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid GABA. (Ashton DM, FRCP, 2002) The drug works to relieve anxiety ad help slow the nervous system down, however, this drug is not recommended for long term use. The side effects that this drug can have on the human body are that it can lead to dependence.

According to the study of ILANGO et al, he had 1, 5 benzodiazepine subjected to preliminary screening for their antibacterial and antifungal activity. With this, the disc diffusion method was used and Muller –Hinton agar plates were prepared and inoculated with E.coli and S. aureus and the fungal candida. Afterward, the compound was dissolved in 1ml DMSO at 5, 10, 15 and 30mg. After the preparation was placed on the agar plates and incubated for 24-48 hrs. After time, it was observed under the microscope. The results under the microscope showed good activity against S. aureus bacteria and E.coli. It further showed it was at lesser concentration the compound was active against candida Albicans. (Varvounis)

With the research of the antimicrobial activity of benzodiazepine, scientist is looking to synthesise this compound due to the resistance to the already present antibiotics. Therefore, in order for this drug to be used as an antibiotic its side effects as mentioned above would have to be considered so that it is safe when used in a human host. Antibacterial activity was tested in another sample which was determined by agar cup plate method (Indian Pharmacopoeia, 1996 and British Pharmacopoeia, 2005) using 100 μg/mL of ampicillin as a standard drug. The synthesised compound and the standard samples were added to the cups. So, therefore, the zones of inhibition around the cup would indicate that there is antibacterial activity furthermore dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). In conclusion showing that there was a strong antimicrobial activity with Aureus, E.coli and candida agrees with the research study of ILANGO et al.

In conclusion having looked at both natural antimicrobials and synthetic compound and it antimicrobial activity it is clear that research is still needed in order to understand how the natural and synthetic antimicrobial agent would target the fungi and bacteria specifically so it can be a more effective antibiotic. (Kendre, Landge and Bhusare)

With this, the aim is to compare the natural antibacterial substance like tea tree oil and honey to two synthesized benzodiazepine which is Librium was Diazepam. From this it can be analysed at which works bets at killing gram positive / gram negative bacteria (s. aureus and E.coli).This would be important to try and prevent antibiotic resistance and save lives.

References Braun, Lesley, and Marc Cohen. Herbs And Natural Supplements Inkling. London: Elsevier Health Sciences APAC, 2010. Print.

Braun, Lesley, and Marc Cohen. Herbs And Natural Supplements, Volume 2. London: Elsevier Health Sciences APAC, 2015. Print.

Braun, Lesley, and Marc Cohen. Herbs And Natural Supplements Inkling. London: Elsevier Health Sciences APAC, 2010. Print.

Braun, Lesley, and Marc Cohen. Herbs And Natural Supplements, Volume 2. London: Elsevier Health Sciences APAC, 2015. Print.

Carson, C. F., K. A. Hammer, and T. V. Riley. "Melaleuca Alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil: A Review Of Antimicrobial And Other Medicinal Properties". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 19.1 (2006): 50-62. Web.

Cox, S. D. et al. "The Mode Of Antimicrobial Action Of The Essential Oil Of Melaleuca Alternifolia (Tea Tree Oil)". Journal of Applied Microbiology 88.1 (2001): 170-175. Web.

"Diseases And Organisms In Healthcare Settings | HAI | CDC". Cdc.gov. N.p., 2016. Web. 8 Mar. 2016.

Garctikyaa-Rodriguez, J. A., J. E. Garctikyaa-Sánchez, and J. Prieto-Prieto. "Methods For Testing Antibiotic Sensitivity Of Anaerobic Bacteria". Infection 8.S2 (1980): S171-S175. Web.

Gyawali, Rabin, and Salam A. Ibrahim. "Natural Products As Antimicrobial Agents". Food Control 46 (2014): 412-429. Web.

Hammer, K. "In-Vitro Activity Of Essential Oils, In Particular Melaleuca Alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil And Tea Tree Oil Products, Against Candida Spp". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 42.5 (1998): 591-595. Web.

Kendre, Babasaheb V., Mahadev G. Landge, and Sudhakar R. Bhusare. "Synthesis And Biological Evaluation Of Some Novel Pyrazole, Isoxazole, Benzoxazepine, Benzothiazepine And Benzodiazepine Derivatives Bearing An Aryl Sulfonate Moiety As Antimicrobial And Anti-Inflammatory Agents". Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2015): n. pag. Web.

May, L. et al. "Trends In Antibiotic Resistance In Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci In The United States, 1999 To 2012". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58.3 (2013): 1404-1409. Web.

Roch, M. et al. "Exposure Of Staphylococcus Aureus To Subinhibitory Concentrations Of -Lactam Antibiotics Induces Heterogeneous Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus Aureus". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58.9 (2014): 5306-5314. Web.

"Three Essential Oils For Your Health". Gentleworld.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 8 Mar. 2016.

Varvounis, George. "An Update On The Synthesis Of Pyrrolo[1,4]Benzodiazepines". Molecules 21.2 (2016): 154. Web.

"WHO | WHO’S First Global Report On Antibiotic Resistance Reveals Serious, Worldwide Threat To Public Health". Who.int. N.p., 2016. Web. 8 Mar. 2016.