Condition and Stimulus

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1-4. They used a self-report fear rating scale asking how afraid they were based on different trials. While in the second study, participates were told that they would be seeing photos of individuals of their own age. These participants were divided into three phases such as baseline, acquisition and extinction. With these phases 3 different CSs were seen in 3 seconds, viewed two times in a random order, in the second phase acquisition the CS was put together with one of the UCS with different comments such as “you look nice today!.” There was a use of a Likert scale to identify the fear and the happiness in each individuals when view the photographs. With these pictures shown there were categorized with older boys, older girl, younger boys and younger girls, unlike the first study which included all women photographs.

According to Haddad (2005), the study showed fear in participants generalized to new cues which had previously been shown through the unconditioned stimulus. The strength for the paradigm demonstrated the avoidance of shocks in the unconditioned stimulus based on the fearful expression or scream and the face which was the conditioned threat stimulus. Limitations included small sample and low self-reporting fears. Future research needs to identify the degree in which the responses occurring in fear acquisition and generalization is established onto real life behaviors. In the second study by Haddad (2011), the acknowledge that the multiple paring of US did change the scariness and pleasantness of the individuals participating in the study and the data that was analyzed showed that adolescents can establish negative or positive judgments of social relationships based on their own past observations (Lisset et al., 2008)