Behavior in Organization Mid-Term Review

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Value: relatively stable, evaluative beliefs that guide a person’s preferences for outcomes or courses of action in a variety of situations.

Ethics: moral principles or values that determine whether actions are right or wrong and outcomes are good or bad.

III Challenges for Organization

- Globalization: Economic, social, and cultural connectively with people in other parts of the world.

Improved communication (internet) and transportation systems have increased globalization

Effects of globalization on organizations: larger markets, lower costs, and greater access to knowledge and innovation; increasing diversity (internal and external); increasing competitive pressures.

- Increasing Workforce Diversity

Surface-level diversity: the observable demographic or physiological differences in people (race/gender/age/ethnicity/physical capabilities)

Deep-level diversity: differences in the psychological characteristics of employees, including personalities, beliefs, values, and attitudes.

Advantage: provide equally diverse knowledge; make better decisions on complex problems

Disadvantage: take longer to perform effectively; communication problems in informal group dynamics; source of conflict, lack of information sharing or morale problems and higher turnover; ethical imperative of diversity.

- Emerging Employment Relationships

Work-life balance: the degree to which a person minimizes conflict between work and non-work demands (most important employment issues); improve balance=reduce stress + improve productivity

Virtual work: work performed away from the traditional physical workplace by means of information technology; most common form involves working at home rather than telecommuting/teleworking

IV The Four Anchors of OB

- Multidisciplinary Anchor

Import knowledge from many disciplines (sociology, psychology and etc)

- Systematic Research Anchor

Study organizations using systematic research method

Evidence-based management involves making decisions and taking actions based on research evidence.

- Contingency Anchor

Recognize that the effects of actions often vary with the situation; need to diagnose the situation and select best strategy under those conditions

- Multiple Level of Analysis Anchor

Include and relevant at three levels of analysis: individual, team, organization

Chapter 2

I the MARS Model of Individual Behavior in Organization

- Motivation: the forces within a person that affect his or her direction, intensity and persistence of voluntary behavior.

- Ability: natural aptitudes and leaned capabilities required to successfully complete a task

Competencies: personal characteristics that lead to superior performance (knowledge, skills, behaviors)

Job Matching: Selecting (performance testing); developing (increasing ability through training); redesigning (change aspects of job to meet ability)

- Role Perception: the extent to which people understand the job duties (roles) assigned to or expected of them (understanding what tasks to perform, priority of tasks, preferred behaviors to accomplish tasks)

- Situational Factors: environmental conditions beyond the individual’s short-term control that constrain or facilitate behavior (time, budget, facilities, safety risk, etc)

II Types of Individual Behavior

Task Performance: Goal-directed behaviors under person’s control

Organization Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs): Cooperation and helpfulness with others beyond required job duties

Counterproductive Work Behaviors (CWBs): Voluntary behaviors that potentially harm the organization

Joining/staying with the Organization: Agreeing to employment relationship; remaining in that relationship

Maintain Work Attendance: Attending work at required times

Presenteeism: Attending scheduled work when one’s capacity to perform is significantly diminished by illness or other factors.

III Personality: the relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize a person, along with the psychological processes behind those characteristics.

- Nature vs. Nurture

Nature: genetic or hereditary origins-the genes that we inherit from our parents

Nurture: the person’s socialization, life experiences, and other forms of interaction with the environment.

Personality is shaped by both nature and nurture.

- Five Factor Model of Personality: five dimensions representing most personality traits.

Conscientiousness: careful, industrious, reliable, goal-focused, achievement striving, dependable, organized, thorough, persistent, and self-disciplined

Agreeableness: courteous, good-natured, empathic, and caring (friendly compliance)

Hostile noncompliance: uncooperative, short-tempered, and irritable

Neuroticism: anxiety, insecure, hostility, depression, and self-consciousness

Low neuroticism=high emotional stability: poised, secure, and calm

Openness to experience: imaginative, creative, curious, and sensitive

Low: more resistant to change, less open