Alfonso Xiii of Spain 1902-1931

Antologia en inges

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Alfonso XIII of Spain 1902-1931

Called "the African» 1 (Madrid, May 17, 1886-Rome, February 28, 1941), was king of Spain from birth until the proclamation of the Second Republic on April 14, 1931. He asume the effective power at 16 years of age, 17 May 1902.Bajo Alfonso XIII Spain becomes industrial nation, reached the highest level of population since Roman times, returns to decorate the world of culture, which almost he had abandoned since shone so brightly in the sixteenth century, it returns to full participation in the international policy for the European war and open the question of Morocco; spiritually recapture the America that he had discovered, populated, civilized and lost, and, finally, sees great social and national problems arise in your inner life and stimulate political thought.

However, Spain suffered four problems of utmost importance that would ruin the liberal monarchy: the lack of real political representation of large social groups; the terrible situation of the masses, especially the peasants; problems arising from the Rif War; and Catalan nationalism, spurred by the powerful Barcelona bourgeoisie

(...) The political struggles have no other significance than that of being a struggle of opinions, but above them there is a much more pure feeling, which is the love of country (...). Speech in Barcelona June 28, 1920. Rey Alfonso XIII de España, by Kaulak.jpg

This political and social turmoil, which began with the disaster of 98, prevented the parties turnistas succeed in implementing a true liberal democracy, which led to the establishment of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, accepted by the monarch. With the political failure of this, the monarch impelled a return to democratic normality with intention to regenerate the regime. However, it was abandoned by the entire political class, which felt betrayed by the King's support to the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera.

He left Spain voluntarily after the municipal elections of April 1931, which were taken as a plebiscite between monarchy or republic. Buried in Rome, his remains were not transferred until 1980 the Pantheon of the Kings of the Monastery of El Escorial.

Easter Rising

The Easter Rising (Irish: Amach Eiri na Casca, in English: Easter Rising) was a rebellion that took place in Ireland against the authority of the United Kingdom, on Easter Monday April 1916. The rebellion was the best known attempt to take control of the country by the Republicans to achieve independence from the United Kingdom.

This Republican revolutionary attempt occurred between April 24 and April 29, 1916, when part of the Irish Volunteers (armed wing of the Irish Republican Brotherhood or IRB), led by the teacher and lawyer Patrick Pearse and reduced Irish Citizen Army of James Connolly union leader, took key positions in the city of Dublin where the Irish Republic proclaimed. The event is usually interpreted as the key moment of the process of Irish independence, but also marked the division between republicanism and Irish nationalism, which so far had accepted the promise of a limited autonomy under the British Crown, embodied in the third Act self-government (or Home Rule), which had been adopted in 1914 and suspended due to World War II. The rebellion was suppressed after six days of fighting, although it is considered successful by getting elevate to the forefront the question of the independence of Ireland.

Planning uprising

While the Easter Rising was implemented mainly by the Irish Volunteers, planning was carried out by the IRB. Shortly after the outbreak of the First World War, August 4, 1914, the Supreme Council of the IRB met and, under the premise that "the troubles of England are opportunities for Ireland", he decided to take action shortly before the end of the war. To this end, the IRB's treasurer, Tom Clarke formed a Military Committee that was to plan the uprising, formed initially by Pearse and Joseph Plunkett éamonn ceannt, and something that would be incorporated later own and Sean Clarke MacDermott. All but Clarke were members of both the IRB and the Irish Volunteers. Since its founding in 1913 they had secretly infiltrated the organization Volunteer, promoting from within the ascension of members of the IRB to the rank of officers, so back to the days of the Uprising many of the senior officials of Volunteers Republicans were assets in favor of armed struggle. A notable exception was the founder Eoin MacNeill, who was determined to use the Volunteers as a bargaining chip to London after the world war, and opposed any rebellion that had no guarantee of success. Nevertheless, the IRB hoped to win him or ignore his orders. They failed to execute their plan in any of the two cases.

Portrait of Patrick Pearse, one of the main leaders of the Easter Rising.

James Connolly, a leading trade unionist and socialist ideas commander of the Irish Citizen (ICA) Army, was one of the participants in the uprising.

The plan found the first major obstacle when James Connolly, head of the Irish Citizen (ICA) Army, an armed group of socialist tendencies, which completely ignored the IRB's plans, threatened to initiate a rebellion on their own if other parties refused to take action. Since the ICA was barely 200 members, any action in which embark be a failure, and ruin the chances of success of the nationalist uprising. Thus the IRB leaders met with Connolly and persuaded him to join them. They agreed to act together the following Easter.

In order to neutralize the informants and indeed, at the same leader of the Volunteers, in early April Pearse issued order to organize three days of "parades and maneuvers" by the Volunteers coinciding with Easter Sunday (for which He had authority as director of the organization). The idea was that the true republicans of the organization (particularly IRB members) would know exactly what that meant, while men as MacNeill and the British authorities in Dublin Castle would interpret literally. Of course, this was too much to suppose, as MacNeill soon saw what was afoot and threatened to "do everything except call