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Emerging and Future Wireless Technologies and the Lessons Learned Fro Security

Autor:   •  November 22, 2018  •  3,947 Words (16 Pages)  •  503 Views

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- 3G - The Third generation had multimedia, Internet and added SMS. Mobile broadband was

introduced to improve the speed for Internet access. 15 In addition, UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication systems) was also first introduced as network architecture. 16 3G runs on 2100MHz 17 frequency.

- 4G – The Fourth generation was added for faster speed and reduced network congestion. It runs on LTE (Long Term Evolution) standards which can upgrade to a radio frequency of 1800MHz. 18

- 5G (Releases on 2020) – This Fifth generation is currently evolving into the Internet of Things (IOT) which supports technologies where users use phone, home appliances, door locks,

security camera (IP camera), cars, wearables etc.19 It is similar to 4G but with upgraded speeds for multimedia video such as Ultra HD and 3D video etc. 20 5G will be available in 2020. 21

Below Figure 1.1 shows a list of cellular speeds evolution before 5G.

[pic 3]

- (Toh 2002)

- (Epstein 2013)

- (2G, 3G, Next-G, 4G - What's the difference? 2016)

- (Toh 2002)

- (Toh 2002)

- (2G, 3G, Next-G, 4G - What's the difference? 2016)

- (Epstein 2013)

- (2G, 3G, Next-G, 4G - What's the difference? 2016)

- (2G, 3G, Next-G, 4G - What's the difference? 2016)

- (2G, 3G, Next-G, 4G - What's the difference? 2016)

- (Nunez 2016)

- (Nunez 2016)

- (Nunez 2016)

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[pic 4]

Figure 1.1 (The Evolution of cellular speed) 22

The introduction of cellular technology rapidly evolved to become a wireless technology. This evolution of wireless technology turns into IoT which supports users’ multiple technologies. Li-fi is one example of such most advanced multiple technologies. It was introduced as a wireless hotspot which supports 5G cellular standards. It then evolves into Internet of Things (IoT).23 Harald Hass from the University of Edinburgh was the person responsible for this Li-Fi innovation since 2011 in Scotland.24 Li-Fi is much more efficient as it provides a faster Internet connectivity without using a Wi-Fi access router because it uses light waves rather than radio waves. 25 When lights are switched on, it can transmits data which was then registered by a Li-Fi router. 26 This switch-over represents an advantage in replacing the Wi-Fi Internet architecture for the outcomes in the future.27 However, Li-Fi cannot pass through walls; therefore it will cost more for installation as its transmission has to move from one room to another. 28 The following diagrams (Figure 1.2 and Figure 1.3) explain in detail how a Li-Fi works together.

[pic 5]

- (Epstein 2013)

- (Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) - The bright future of 5G visible light communication systems 2014)

- (Crew 2015)

- (Li-Fi High Speed Internet » TekZadda 2016)

- (Li-Fi High Speed Internet » TekZadda 2016)

- (Li-Fi High Speed Internet » TekZadda 2016)

- (Li-Fi High Speed Internet » TekZadda 2016)

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[pic 6]

Figure 1.2 (Latest Li-Fi network architecture) 29

[pic 7]

Figure 1.3 (The difference between Li-Fi and Wi-Fi speed rate) 30

[pic 8]

- (LiFi vs WiFi | Basic Difference between LiFi and WiFi 2012)

- (Li-Fi High Speed Internet » TekZadda 2016)

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For example, Apple introduced a wireless headset on September 7th 2016 at the Apple event.31 This device is known as the Airpod and is completely different to the traditional headset. New methods of wireless communication and technologies have improved to enable Airpod to run on infrared sensor along with motion sensors. 32

This innovation provides us with an idea on how the implementation of wireless technologies along with hardware and software can come with new method usage. Through research and development Apple can gain technological advantages to change the world.

2.2 Radio technologies standards

Wireless technologies standards keep evolving through period of time with the invention of radio waves technologies. The standards are divided into various categories. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.15 wireless technologies are used for personal network area.33 Other common ones for IEEE are Zigbee, Wifi, Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy and Wimax. 34 Below is the breakdown of some of these categorical details:

2.3 Wireless technologies standards

Wireless technologies standards are divided into IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi categories 35 such as the following:

- 802.11a- The first generation was introduced in 1990s and is the first WLAN standard that

supports 54Mbps and 5 GHz frequency spectrum.36 802.11a provides a faster speed and frequencies freedom to prevent signal interference from other portable devices.37

- 802.11b – The second generation was introduced in 200038 which improves the frequency and data transfer; it supports 11 Mbps and 2.4 GHz frequency spectrum.39 802.11b provides a faster speed and increases frequency ranges. 40

- 802.11g – Similar concept as the 802.11b with upgrades to

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