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Electrical Energy

Autor:   •  May 21, 2018  •  5,867 Words (24 Pages)  •  482 Views

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- PCF = (Avg. Load x 24) / (Plant Load x 24) = Avg. Load / Plant Load

- The difference b/w Load & PCF is an indication of Reverse-Capacity.

- The Capacity Factor shows how near the plant runs to its full ratings.

- The High values of the Demand Factor, Load Factor and Diversity Factor and Capacity Factor are always desirable for economic operation of the plant and to produce energy at a cheaper rate.

9. Plant Use Factor: It is defined as a ratio of the energy produced in a given time to the Max. Possible Energy but they could have produced during the actual number of hours the plant was in operation.

- It shows the extent to which the plant-capacity is used to meet peak-demand.

- Plant Used Factor = Annual Energy Produced / (Capacity of Plant) x (No.of hrs of plant is in operation during year).

10. Installed Capacity: Rating of all the generating units installed in KVA /KW.

11. Unit Committed: Actual rating of all generating units that provide power to loads at any duration.

12. Reserve Capacity: Difference b/w Installed Capacity and Unit Committed.

13. Hot Reserve (Plant Margin): Difference b/w Unit Committed & Actual Load demand.

14. Spinning Reserve: Partially Committed, Not Connected to busbar, acute emergencies , in peak hours thrown to busbar.

15. Stand By Capacity: To tackle foreseen peak timing.

[pic 10]

Importance of Load Factor and Diversity Factor

(1) Load factor: It is the ratio of Avg. Load to Max. Load on the power-plant.

• The LF will increase if Avg. Load increases without increase in Maximum Load.

• Hence, the annual fixed charges per unit of energy generated would reduce with increase in LF. As a result the overall cost per unit of energy generated reduces.[pic 11]

(2) Diversity factor

[pic 12]

Reliability and Economy To Have Best Mix of Energy

• In general, reliability and economy of electrical supply can best be achieved by having a mix or three types of power plant, (Its more important to know the fuel of these plants) which may help to achieve best energy mix *

• Base Load Plant • Cycling Plant • Peaking Plant

Base Load Plants

• Such plants are usually large, efficient, steam generating… They operate continuously except for scheduled maintenance or forced outages.

[pic 13]

Cycling Power Plants

• Cycling power plants, also called Intermediate-Plants, usually are older, steam plants or new ones specifically designed for Cyclic Operation like Hydropower dams.

[pic 14]

Peaking Plants

• Peaking plants are specifically designed to provide (relatively expensive*) power during peak demand periods.

• May be conventional or non-conventional

[pic 15]

How to tackle Peak timings

• Supply power peaks by interconnecting power networks that might have different power demands on them.

• Use newer & more efficient power plants for Base Load Generation and use older less efficient plants for Peak Power Generation.

• Construct smaller, low capital cost, though not so efficient power plants as power peaking units. OR • Add energy storage systems.

Base load and peak load power plants

[pic 16]

Cost of power plant

• The Cost Analysis of power plant includes Fixed Cost and Running Cost.

1. Fixed cost:

(i) Land, building and equipment cost:

• Cost of land & building will depend upon the location of the plant. If the plant is situated near the cities, the land will be expensive than the case if it is located away from the cities.

• The cost of equipment or the plant investment cost is usually expressed on the basis of kW capacity installed.

(ii) Interest:

• All the enterprises need investment of money and this money may be obtained as loan, through bonds and shares, or from owners of personal funds.

• The interest on the capital investment must be considered because otherwise if the same amount was not invested in power plant, it would have earned an annual interest.

• A suitable rate of interest must be considered on the capital invested.

(iii) Depreciation Cost:

• Depreciation accounts for the wear & tear of the equipment and decrease in its value due to corrosion, weathering, with use.

• It also covers the decrease in value of equipment due to wear and tear. It is required to replace the generating plant machinery after its expiry of useful life.

• Therefore, a certain amount is kept aside every year from the income of the plant to enable the replacement of plant at the end of its useful life. This amount is called Depreciation Amount.

• The following methods are used to calculate the Depreciation Amount:

– Straight-Line method – Sinking-Fund method – Diminishing-Value method

(iv) Insurance:

The costly equipment and the buildings must be insured for the fire risks, riots etc. A fixed sum is set aside per year as

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