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Conceptualizations of Culture and Cultural Care Among Undergraduate Nursing Students: An Exploration and Critique of Cultural Education

Autor:   •  February 21, 2018  •  1,830 Words (8 Pages)  •  663 Views

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facilitate in undertaking the study, the survey comprised of registered and licensed nurses to serve as participants and having more than 6 months experience in delivering nursing services in acute care. The consecutive sample was enrolled from Facebook, nursing listserv, Allaboutnurses.com, and Myspace. The inclusion criteria to be followed for the study participants required one to be registered and licensed, have a minimum of six months experience, and serving as an employee in a health care organization offering acute care. Furthermore, demographic data to be included and collected targeted age, gender, nursing specialty, highest education level, academic preparation, serving in a Magnet hospital, and nursing profession experience years (Hairr, Salisbury, Johannsson, & Redfern-Vance, 2014).

The survey tool used for assessing the nursing environment included the NWI (Nursing Work Index), comprising of 65 items ranging from 1 to 4 for strongly agree and strongly disagree respectively. Further questions for the survey were considered, targeting present experience while considering the ratio of nurses to patients, as well as level of job satisfaction. Other questions that the participants were required to answer comprised on the number of patients they served in their last shift, whether the number of patients assigned led to increased job satisfaction, whether they considered leaving their present positions for the past 6 months. In case the questions answered were confirmatory, additional questions would be asked such as whether the present economic downturn influenced their decision to remain in their present position. These were aimed at determining the influence that the economy had in the reluctance of nurses to change their present jobs regardless of being dissatisfied with their jobs (Hairr, Salisbury, Johannsson, & Redfern-Vance, 2014).

Results of Data Analysis Procedures

After undertaking statistical analysis using SPSS, descriptive statistics were gathered for demographic, as well as the NWI data to test for normality. These helped to obtain percentages as well as frequencies. Correlational analyses were also carried out for every research question. While evaluating whether a relationship prevailed between ratio of nurses to patients and level of job satisfaction, the mean ratio for a nurse to patient was 5.6 while the range for all respondents ranged between 1:1 and 1:10 or larger (n=63). For magnet institutions, the mean ration for nurses to patients was 1:1.53 (n=17). The NWI survey tool determined the level of job satisfaction of patients, where subscale questions lacked response (n=5) or a limited number of responses (n=4). For the correlation coefficients targeting the ratio of nurses to patients and the job satisfaction obtained from NWI survey tool a weak relationship became evident between job satisfaction and staffing of nurses at (59) = 0.33, p = 0.01. This revealed that a weak relationship prevailed between levels of job satisfaction and workload. In addition, when evaluating whether a relationship existed between retention of nurses and job satisfaction, the Spearman’s rho was adopted to facilitate in testing whether job satisfaction and job retention were correlated. The apparent correlation was two tailed and moderately negatively strong, at p (59) = -0.43, p = 0.01. The Null hypothesis was rejected as the relationship between nurse retention and job satisfaction was inverse, indicating that once the level of satisfaction to a job goes down, a nurse will consider leaving the present position. Furthermore, when determining whether number of patients affected the level of job satisfaction and if the present state of the economy determined whether they would remain in their present position, the Yes results for the sample results were 61 (75.4 percent) and 61 (63.9 percent) (Hairr, Salisbury, Johannsson, & Redfern-Vance, 2014).

Strengths and Weaknesses of Study

For a quantitative research, one of the key strengths is that it is not possible for the researchers to influence the context being studied. In addition, based on the rules, ubiquity, processes, regulations, and templates among other guiding principles, it is possible for researchers to copy, use, or clarify the research designs they follow. This means that the process is consistent for following specific procedures. It helps in testing as well as validating theories constructed to explain how they work and why certain phenomena take place. Furthermore, the process of correcting data is quick, precise, and numerical, creating room for generalizability of data in the event of a large sample. On the contrary, the statistical aspects of quantitative data are challenging as well as technical to understand or read. The data adopted in quantitative data are normally small raising questions to their impact on large populations. For instance, in this study, the key limitation is sample size, considering that more than three million nurses operate in the U.S., posing challenges when generalizing data for the broader population (Adams, 2012).

References

Adams, S. (2012). Identifying research questions. In N. A. Schmidt, & J. M. Brown, Evidence-based practice for nurses: Appraisal and application of research (pp. 66-87). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Hairr, D. C., Salisbury, H., Johannsson, M., & Redfern-Vance, N. (2014). Nurse staffing and the relationship to job satisfaction and retention. Nursing Economics, 32(3), 142-147.

Vandenberg, H., & Kalischuk, R. G. (2014). Conceptualizations of culture and cultural care among undergraduate nursing students: An exploration and critique of cultural education. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 21(3), 99-107.

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