Pillsbury

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o These define social world and possibilities of interactions as well as the forms and consequences of violence

- In negative reciprocity, violence is an appropriate and standard means of communication

- War raids, wife stealing against Yuko people

1. War (raiding/ambush)

- Pre-warfare dance

- Get drunk, shoot arrows (sometimes shoot arrows at sun)

- Women make maize balls with wasps → supposed to transform them and change them

- Ritually kill enemy

- Paint faces black

- Roaring like jaguars – associated with the opposing side

- Adrenaline rushing antics

Ambush/Raid on unknown, unrelated others, Yuko (in the next Valley)

- Kill the men, take the wives/children

- Captives become integrated into the group (become Yu’pa)

- Most aggressive and skilled become warriors with prestige, respect, and power

2. Vendetta/Blood Feud

- No public ritual

- No one glorified if known as perp

- Within the region, among known people

- Sobering emotions, no social prestige

- If you do it, you are at risk of revenge attack

- Shameful behavior, can become an “other” or Yuko

- Could divide an identified group

Both war and vendetta are negative reciprocity (taking without giving anything back)

- War/Ambush confirms an existing relationship

- Vendetta can transform previous harmony into chaos and difference

3. Maize Beer Duels

- Hit each other on the head until last one standing

- Nonlethal but does result in head wounds and likely TBI

o “I’m a man! I’m brave and I fought”

- Direct reciprocal exchanges

o To be hit is like a “gift” and you need to hit back

o You lose if you cannot remain standing to give the “gift” back (another blow)

- It is reciprocal as long as no one dies

4. Suicide

- When one cannot organize more collective responses to social conflict

- Men kill themselves more, and in response to matrimonial conflicts, adultery

o Pits husband against seducer, if seducer is part of war allies, pits husband against himself, and suicide is the perfect expression of such a configuration

- Also commit suicide when accidentally kill a closely related person

o For ex: if you kill another person who is Yu’pa, then you bring shame upon yourself

Yukpa cosmology = world with its own language, logic, history, and code of ethics

Halbmayer concludes that “different forms of violence are related to the basic distinctions of social organization and worldview”

- Violence not reduced to hate, envy, etc.

- Violence is a fundamental necessity

- Leads to social order, without it, chaos (back to when the sun was too hot and life was in disorder)

- Helps to understand the resulting problems with colonial expansion (taking land and resources)

- Aka. Violence allows there to be order

October 23, 2017

Structural & Cultural Violence

Questions with group:

- How do you define “structural violence?”

o Institutionalized – embedded within society

o Marginalized (don’t start out marginalized but become marginalized overtime from external factors)

o Cycle

o Perceived as normal/everyday type of occurrences

o Exploitation is a centerpiece of structural violence → unequal relationships that separate society

- What is “suffering?”

o Whenever the sub categories of needs are not met

o If any needs are not 100% met, then they are considered to be suffering

- How is history relevant to structural violence studies?

o History provides a background to see seeds of structures within different societies

Farmer 2005 – Structural Violence (brings medical background into it)

- Farmer talks about social forces becoming embodied

o Explores structural violence in relation to history and suffering

▪ Suffering can be biological and psychological

▪ Can happen because of external forces but also internal forces

- How have poverty and racism become embodied in Haiti

o Acephie’s story

▪ Local history

∙ Flooding of valley and now family loses harvest, fortune, and history

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